"There is the extremely difficult and unsolved problem of inventing a mechanism which can so strongly collimate a beam emerging from the nucleus. There is the extremely difficult problem of pumping the particles in the beam with enough energy to get them traveling so close to the speed of light. Finally, there is the simple but appalling question of what happens when the beam arrives at the distance from the galaxy at which it should have an extended lobe. The basic observation is that the energy has to go from small (cross section) to large, but rather suddenly, not gradually. The hot spots in the extended radio lobes are supposed to be the impact points of the beams on an external medium. But why just at this particular point?" (p.140)

It is obvious from this statement that there is more structure than either conventional or even unconventional hypotheses would dictate. These comments can be explained by a cone- or funnel-shaped field that widens suddenly at a certain distance from the core, as do the Fields of the Field-dynamical Model, producing the extended lobe. Other galaxies also have narrow jets or counterjets that can be explained in this way (M87: 60 & 120 pc jets; and NGC 1097: 200 pc jet). It is along these jets that we find aligned objects and other phenomena that suggest ejection.

The alignment of objects also indicates ejection:

The redshifts of the elliptical galaxies in the line of M87 are different, and they are believed to be among the oldest galaxies known. These galaxies should have been separated from their alignment if the redshifts indicated distance and velocity. The fact that they have not become scattered is an indication that the redshifts are not due to velocity and distance.

If galaxies with a certain redshift are plotted they form one huge filament stretching over more than 40 o across the sky. The filament is centered on the bright, relatively nearby Sb spiral, M81. All the brightest, apparent magnitude galaxies in the northern sky show that 13 out of 14 in uncrowded regions have similar lines of high redshift galaxies. This scenario indicates redshifts are not the result of distance, but are due to ejection.

Other indications of ejection are noted. Here are a few selected paragraphs discussing this:

A systematic relationship exists in the redshifts of radio galaxies and spirals. Correlations are observed between redshift and radio emission in galaxies. A survey of radio galaxies in the Coma, Virgo and Hercules Clusters makes it evident that radio galaxies in all these clusters have significantly higher redshifts on the average. This observation provides excellent evidence for the existence of non-cosmological redshifts.

When the central galaxy is reasonably radio-quiet, possibly due to no acceleration processes, then it is the lowest redshift member of the group, and the companions are higher in redshift (as in M31). However, if the largest galaxy is a radio source, then it tends to be the highest redshift in the group (as in M87). For pairs, groups, or clusters, the spirals have systematically higher redshifts whenever galaxies are demonstrably at the same distance (as in the Virgo Cluster). These data suggest that the radio sources, especially spiral and elliptical galaxies, are actively ejecting recently formed galaxies, and radio quiet sources are inactive. A time-varying acceleration process in galaxies ejects quasars that form new galaxies.

A magnetic bridge between two galactic clusters has been discovered. Magnetic fields spanning entire clusters also exist, such as in the Coma Cluster of galaxies. Speculations have been arising that a large-scale field system might exist, but current techniques and instrumentation cannot detect it. However, the observations are clear: "Such alignments clearly suggest ejection along an axis which has a memory."

Some studies show radio sources outside the optical disk, and sources aligned with the nucleus. Other astronomers come to the same conclusion: "We believe that the results summarized here indicate that ejection activity occurs in spiral galaxies." Ejection could be an ongoing process producing new galaxies, because an excess of smaller companion galaxies are near bright spiral companions, and their axes and spiral arms.

The different redshifts for interacting objects must arise because of different times in the creation of matter. A way of approaching the creation of matter in recent epochs is to consider that AGN have a time-varying source of energy. The reverse of a black hole is possible within the framework of physical theory. This "white hole" or something like it, could eject matter (i.e., a core entailing electromagnetic confinement, producing thermonuclear energy; a Field-dynamical Model).

Likewise, quasars are not passive objects, but stir up their environment very fiercely, and eject heavy elements. Observations of one type of quasar (broad-line absorption quasars or BALQSOs) indicate that differences may merely arise because the gas is ejected in a cone that is along our line of sight. With a strong magnetic field controlling charged particle motions, violent activity and energy release from the center, it would lead to the complex absorption profiles noted. Hydrogen (broad-Balmer) lines in Seyfert (spiral) galaxy nuclei vary on a timescale of the order of one year, and in some cases less than a month. Such variability remains controversial, because it does not support the massive black hole scenario. Meanwhile, the consequences of beamed ionizing radiation have not been investigated theoretically, but would explain this variability. All of these observations are what could be expected from the Field-dynamical Model, including the time-varying beamed ionizing radiation down a cone- or funnel-shaped field.

Additional redshifts are noted in those galaxies behind a cluster of galaxies. The distribution of quasars is marked by several peaks, indicating successive waves of formation (i.e., formation is time-varying). An astronomer comments: "Unless the quasar formation has appeared in successive waves, it is very hard to explain this effect in a natural way."

The best evidence for non-cosmological redshifts involves the brightness and uniformity (isotropy) of the X-ray background of quasars, and microwave background of the Universe. The planes of quasars' halos correlate with the supercluster's equatorial plane, showing a ring exists for superclusters, as well. Projected onto a two-dimensional sphere of the Universe, quasars display definite features. The equatorial region is void of quasars, and the 30 o - to 40 o -latitudes show a greater concentration (see Figure 12). Typical of the Field-dynamical Model, a ring effect and time-varying ejection at the 30 o - to 40 o -latitudes arise.

NEW HIGH-REDSHIFT QUASARS have been discovered. A Cambridge-Greenwich-Pittsburgh team has reported finding a quasar, BR1202-07, with a redshift of 4.7. Meanwhile, James Gunn of Princeton (609-452-3802) has supposedly observed, but not yet announced, a quasar with a redshift of 4.9. (New Scientist, 27 April 1991.)